Election Commission Law in English
Tuesday, 09 March 2010 13:48 Mizzima News
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The following is the unofficial translation of the Election Commission Law by the Burmese regime dated 8 March 2010. Though the junta published the election commission law in Burmese in state-run newspapers, no English version has been published so far. Mizzima translates it.
Union Election Commission Law
(State Peace and Development Council Law No. 1/2010)
9th Waning Day of Tabaung, 1371 ME)
(8 March 2010)
Preamble
State Peace and Development Council, as provided in Article 443 of Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, hereby enacts the following Law, to form the Union Election Commission, for supervising political parties, and supervising people in exercising their right to stand for election and exercising their franchise.
Chapter 1
Title and Definition
1. This Law shall be called ‘Union Election Commission Law’.
2. The following expressions in this Law shall have the following meanings.
a. Hluttaw means
2. Pyithu Hluttaw (Lower House)
3. Amyotha Hluttaw (Upper House)
b. Region Hluttaw or the State Hluttaw (Assemblies in States and Self-administered regions)
2. Hluttaw Representatives (Member of Parliament) mean Representatives elected to a Hluttaw and Representatives being the Defence Services personnel nominated by Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services.
c. Election means Phithu Hluttaw election, Amyotha Hluttaw election and Region Hluttaw or State Hluttaw elections.
d. Constituency means the constituencies for Pyithu Hluttaw constituency, Amyotha Hluttaw constituency and Region Hluttaw or State Hluttaw constituency stipulated and prescribed by Election Commission as provided by the Law.
e. Voters’ List means the list of eligible voters compiled and prepared for each constituency.
f. Commission means Union Election Commission formed as provided by this Law to supervise elections and to supervise political parties.
g. Different levels of Commission means as follows:
2. Naypyidaw Sub-commission
2. Region or State Sub-commission
3. Self-administered Division or Self-administered Zone Sub-commission
4. District Sub-commission
5. Township Sub-commission
6. Ward or Village-tract Sub-commission
h. Political Party means the political organization formed in accordance with the Political Parties Registration Law.
i. Electoral Court means the body formed in accordance with this Law to hear the objection made to electing and appointing of the Leading Bodies of Self-Administered Areas and objection made to electoral disputes.
Chapter 2
Formation
3. State Peace and Development Council shall form the ‘Union Election Commission’ to supervise the conducting of First Hluttaws Elections and to supervise the political parties.
4. The Chairman and members of Election Commission shall be
a. Persons who have attained age of 50 years.
b. The persons to whom State Peace and Development Council deems to having a good reputation among the people.
c. The persons having dignity, integrity and are well-experienced.
d. Having loyalty to State and its citizens.
e. Non-member of any political party
f. Drawing no salaries, allowances, perks and persons who are not holding any office.
5. If the Chairman of Commission or member of commission wants to resign from their posts voluntarily, they can resign from their posts by tendering their resignation letter(s) to State Peace and Development Council.
6. If a post of Chairman or member of Commission is vacant due to voluntary resignation, or cease to be member of Commission or any other cause, the State Peace and Development Council may appoint new member(s) to the vacant post(s). The term of the newly appointed Election Commission Chairman or member of said Election Commission shall be the remaining term of said Election Commission.
7. The term of Election Commission will expire on the date the President of Republic of the Union of Myanmar has formed a Commission in accordance with the ‘Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar’.
Chapter 3
Duties and Powers
8. The Duties and Powers of Commission are as follows:
a. Holding Hluttaw Elections
b. Supervising and order to supervise said Elections
c. Forming, order to form, supervising and order to supervise different levels of Sub-commissions
d. Prescribing and re-delineation of constituencies
e. Compiling voters’ list, order to compile voters’ list, Preparing voters’ list, order to prepare voters’ list
f. Postponing and cancellation of holding elections in constituencies due to natural calamities or security reasons which may hamper the holding of free and fair elections in said constituencies
g. Issuing certificate recognizing as being elected as a member of Hluttaw (to each elected person)
h. Forming Electoral Courts in accordance with the Law to hear the electoral disputes
i. Forming Electoral Courts to hear the objection made under the Article 276, Sub-article (h) of Constitution (of Union of Myanmar), against appointing of a person in the Leading Bodies of Self-Administered Division or Self-Administered Area
j. Appropriation and allocation of funds for the different levels of Commission and supervising and order to supervise the expenditure of these funds
k. Supervising, order to supervise and guiding the political parties to conduct their businesses in accordance with the law.
l. Performing any other function assigned by any other Law
9. The decisions and proceedings taken by Commission shall be final for the following matters:
a. Businesses regarding the Elections
b. Appeal cases and Revision cases against decision and orders handed down by the Electoral Courts
c. Businesses performed as provided by the Political Parties Registration Law
Chapter 4
General Provisions
10. All the expenses of Commission and different levels of Commission and expenses on holding election shall be borne by State Fund (Union Budget)
11. Commission may ask for necessary assistance(s) from the (government) department concerned, organization and personages in order to hold the elections successfully
12. The Commission and different levels of Commission formed under this Law shall succeed all the proceedings and businesses which are in progress or in pending of the Multi-Party Democracy General Election Commission
13. The Commission may make and issue necessary rules, procedures, notification, order and directive to perform the duties of implementing the provisions of this Law
14. Multi-Party Democracy General Election Commission Law (State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 1/88) is repealed and overruled by this Law.
N.B. Unofficial translation
Monday, June 14, 2010
Sunday, June 13, 2010
secretary-general U Thant
this Burmese name, U is an honorific.
U Thant
Thant pictured in 1968.
3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations
In office
30 November 1961 – 31 December 1971
Preceded by Dag Hammarskjöld
Succeeded by Kurt Waldheim
Born 22 January 1909(1909-01-22)
Pantanaw, British Burma
Died 25 November 1974 (aged 65)
New York City, USA
Nationality Burmese
Spouse(s) Daw Thein Tin
Religion Theravada Buddhism
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese characters.
U Thant (Burmese: ဦးသန့်; MLCTS: u:san.; IPA: [ʔú θa̰ɴ]; English pronunciation: /ˌuː ˈθɑːnt/[1]; /ˌuːˈθɑːnt/; January 22, 1909 – November 25, 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen for the post when his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, died in September 1961.
"U" is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to "mister." "Thant" was his only name. In Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, in reference to his home town of Pantanaw.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Early days
* 2 Civil servant
* 3 UN Secretary-General
* 4 Death
* 5 Personal life
* 6 Named for him
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links
[edit] Early days
Thant was born in Pantanaw, Lower Burma, and was educated at the National High School in Pantanaw and at University College, Rangoon, where he studied history. He was the eldest of four sons and was born into a family of well-to-do landowners and rice merchants. His father, Po Hnit, who came "from a mixed background, with both Muslim and Buddhist forebears," had helped establish The Sun (Thuriya) newspaper in Rangoon.[2] He was also a founding member of the Burma Research Society. His father died when Thant was 14,[3] and a series of inheritance disputes forced Thant's mother, Nan Thaung, and her four children into difficult financial times.[4]
After university Thant returned to Pantanaw to teach at the National School and had become its headmaster by the age of 25. During this time he became close friends with future prime minister U Nu, who was from neighbouring Maubin and was the local superintendent of schools. Thant regularly contributed to several newspapers and magazines under the pen name "Thilawa" and translated a number of books, including one on the League of Nations.[5] U Thant was a devout Buddhist.
[edit] Civil servant
When U Nu became the prime minister of the newly independent Burma, he asked Thant to join him in Rangoon and appointed him director of broadcasting in 1948. In the following year he was appointed secretary to the government of Burma in the Ministry of Information. From 1951 to 1957, Thant was secretary to the prime minister, writing speeches for U Nu, arranging his foreign travel, and meeting foreign visitors. During this entire period, he was U Nu's closest confidant and advisor.
He also took part in a number of international conferences and was the secretary of the first Asian-African summit in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia, which gave birth to the Non-Aligned Movement. From 1957 to 1961, he was Burma's permanent representative to the United Nations and became actively involved in negotiations over Algerian independence. In 1961, the Burmese government awarded him the title Maha Thray Sithu as a commander in the order of Pyidaungsu Sithu.[6]
[edit] UN Secretary-General
Thant began serving as acting Secretary-General from November 3, 1961, when he was unanimously appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council in Resolution 168, to fill the unexpired term of Dag Hammarskjöld. He was then unanimously appointed secretary-general by the General Assembly on November 30, 1962, for a term of office ending on November 3, 1966. During this first term he was widely credited for his role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo. He also said that he wanted to ease tensions between major powers while serving at the UN.[7]
In April 1964, Thant accepted the Holy See’s designation of itself as a permanent observer. There appeared to be no involvement of the General Assembly or the UN Security Council in the decision.[8]
U Thant was re-appointed secretary-general of the United Nations by the General Assembly on December 2, 1966, on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council. His term of office continued until December 31, 1971, when he retired. During his time in office, he oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states and was a firm opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN University, UNCTAD, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and the UN Environmental Programme.
Unlike his two predecessors,[citation needed] Thant retired after ten years on speaking terms with all the big powers. In 1961, when he was first appointed, the Soviet Union had tried to insist on a troika formula of three secretaries-general, one representing each Cold War bloc, something which would have maintained equality in the United Nations between the superpowers. By 1966, when Thant was reappointed, all the big powers, in a unanimous vote of the Security Council, affirmed the importance of the secretary-generalship and his good offices, a clear tribute to Thant's work.
The Six Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Prague Spring and subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 leading to the birth of Bangladesh all took place during his tenure as secretary-general.
He was widely criticized in the US and Israel for agreeing to pull UN troops out of the Sinai in 1967 in response to a request from Egyptian president Nasser.[9] U Thant tried to persuade Nasser not to go to war with Israel by flying to Cairo in a last-minute peace effort.
His once good relationship with the US government deteriorated rapidly when he publicly criticized American conduct of the Vietnam War.[10] His secret attempts at direct peace talks between Washington and Hanoi were eventually rejected by the Johnson Administration.
Thant followed UFO reports with some interest; in 1967, he arranged for American atmospheric physicist James E. McDonald to speak before the UN's Outer Space Affairs Group regarding UFOs.[11]
On January 23, 1971, U Thant categorically announced that he would "under no circumstances" be available for a third term as secretary-general. For many weeks, the UN Security Council was deadlocked over the search for a successor before finally settling on Kurt Waldheim to succeed U Thant as secretary-general on December 21, 1971—Waldheim's 53rd birthday—and just ten days before U Thant's second term was to end.
In his farewell address to the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary-General U Thant stated that he felt a "great sense of relief bordering on liberation" on relinquishing the "burdens of office".[12] In an editorial published around December 27, 1971, praising U Thant, The New York Times stated that "the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still be needed after his retirement". The editorial was titled "The Liberation of U Thant".
While serving as secretary-general, U Thant lived in Riverdale, Bronx, on a 4.75-acre (1.92 ha) estate near 232nd Street, between Palisade and Douglas avenues.[13]
[edit] Death
U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon
U Thant died of lung cancer in New York on November 25, 1974. By that time Burma was ruled by a military junta which refused him any honors. The then Burmese president Ne Win was envious of U Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him by the Burmese populace. Ne Win also resented U Thant's close links with the democratic government of U Nu which Ne Win had overthrown in a coup d'etat on March 2, 1962. Ne Win ordered that U Thant be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.
From the United Nations headquarters in New York where he was laid in state, U Thant's body was flown back to Rangoon, but no guard of honour or high ranking officials were on hand at the airport when the coffin arrived except for U Aung Tun, deputy minister of education, who was subsequently dismissed from office.[14]
On the day of U Thant's funeral on December 5, 1974, tens of thousands of people lined the streets of Rangoon to pay their last respects to their distinguished countryman, whose coffin was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikasan race course for a few hours before the scheduled burial.
The coffin of U Thant was then snatched by a group of students just before it was scheduled to leave for burial in an ordinary Rangoon cemetery. The student demonstrators buried U Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne Win had dynamited and destroyed on July 8, 1962.
During the period of December 5–11, 1974, the student demonstrators also built a temporary mausoleum for U Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and gave anti-government speeches. In the early morning hours of December 11, 1974, government troops stormed the campus, killed some of the students guarding the makeshift mausoleum, removed U Thant's coffin, and reburied it at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has continued to lie.[15]
Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon University campus and the forcible removal of U Thant's coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial law was declared in Rangoon and the surrounding metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U Thant Crisis—the student-led protests over the shabby treatment of U Thant by the Ne Win government—was crushed by the Burmese government.[15]
In 1978, U Thant's memoirs, View from the UN, were posthumously published, initially by the American publishing house Doubleday.
[edit] Personal life
U Thant had three brothers: Pantanaw U Khant, U Thaung, and U Tin Maung.[16] U Thant was a licensed radio amateur, call-sign XZ2TH. He was married to Daw Thein Tin. U Thant lost both sons. Maung Bo died in infancy. Tin Maung Thant fell from a bus during a visit to Rangoon. Tin Maung Thant's funeral procession, which was attended by dignitaries, was grander than that of the state funeral of Commodore Than Pe, a member of the 17-man Revolutionary Council and minister of health and education. U Thant was survived by a daughter, an adopted son, five grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren (three girls and two boys). His only grandson, Thant Myint-U, is a historian and a former senior official in the UN's Department of Political Affairs and the author of The River of Lost Footsteps, in part a biography of U Thant.
[edit] Named for him
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)
* The U Thant Peace Award acknowledges and honours individuals or organizations for distinguished accomplishments toward the attainment of world peace.
* The embassy road, Jalan U Thant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is named after him.
* A tiny island in the East River opposing the headquarters of the United Nations, U Thant Island, is named for him.
* U Thant Honorary Lecture Series has been held regularly at the United Nations University (UNU) Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan.
* United Nations University (UNU) Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan has named their premiere conference facility after him.
* The United Nations International School faculty votes to elect a Junior as the U Thant Scholar, equivalent to valedictorian.
[edit] References
1. ^ vintage news video
2. ^ The River of Lost Footsteps. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2006. ISBN 0374163421.
3. ^ International affairs, Issues 1-3. (2006). Znanye Pub. House. p. 145.
4. ^ Franda, Marcus F. (2006). The United Nations in the twenty-first century: management and reform processes in a troubled organization. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 978-0742553347.
5. ^ Naing, Saw Yan (January 22, 2009). Remembering U Thant and His Achievements. The Irrawaddy.
6. ^ H.W. Wilson Company (1962). Current biography, Volume 23. H. W. Wilson Co.
7. ^ "1962 In Review. United Press International.
8. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, Interventions
9. ^ Rikhye, Indar Jit (1980). The Sinai blunder: withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force leading to the Six-Day War of June 1967. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714631363.
10. ^ Dennen, Leon (August 12, 1968). U Thant Speaks No Evil on Czech Crisis. Daily News.
11. ^ Letter to U Thant / James E. McDonald. - Tucson, Ariz. : J.E. McDonald, 1967. - 2 s;Druffel, Ann; Firestorm: Dr. James E. McDonald's Fight for UFO Science; 2003, Wild Flower Press; ISBN 0-926524-58-5
12. ^ Whitman, Alden (November 26, 1974). "U Thant Is Dead of Cancer at 65; UT Thant Is Dead of Cancer; United Nations Mourns." The New York Times.
13. ^ Dunlap, David W. "Bronx Residents Fighting Plans Of a Developer", The New York Times, November 16, 1987. Accessed 2008-05-04. "A battle has broken out in the Bronx over the future of the peaceful acreage where U Thant lived when he headed the United Nations. A group of neighbors from Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil has demanded that the city acquire as a public park the 4.75-acre (19,200 m2) parcel known as the Douglas-U Thant estate, north of 232d Street, between Palisade and Douglas Avenues."
14. ^ Asian almanac, Volume 13. (1975). s.n. p. 6809.
15. ^ a b Soe-win, Henry (June 17, 2008). Peace Eludes U Thant. Asian Tribune.
16. ^ Bingham, June (1966). U Thant: The Search For Peace. Victor Gollancz. p
U Thant
Thant pictured in 1968.
3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations
In office
30 November 1961 – 31 December 1971
Preceded by Dag Hammarskjöld
Succeeded by Kurt Waldheim
Born 22 January 1909(1909-01-22)
Pantanaw, British Burma
Died 25 November 1974 (aged 65)
New York City, USA
Nationality Burmese
Spouse(s) Daw Thein Tin
Religion Theravada Buddhism
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese characters.
U Thant (Burmese: ဦးသန့်; MLCTS: u:san.; IPA: [ʔú θa̰ɴ]; English pronunciation: /ˌuː ˈθɑːnt/[1]; /ˌuːˈθɑːnt/; January 22, 1909 – November 25, 1974) was a Burmese diplomat and the third Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1961 to 1971. He was chosen for the post when his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, died in September 1961.
"U" is an honorific in Burmese, roughly equal to "mister." "Thant" was his only name. In Burmese he was known as Pantanaw U Thant, in reference to his home town of Pantanaw.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Early days
* 2 Civil servant
* 3 UN Secretary-General
* 4 Death
* 5 Personal life
* 6 Named for him
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links
[edit] Early days
Thant was born in Pantanaw, Lower Burma, and was educated at the National High School in Pantanaw and at University College, Rangoon, where he studied history. He was the eldest of four sons and was born into a family of well-to-do landowners and rice merchants. His father, Po Hnit, who came "from a mixed background, with both Muslim and Buddhist forebears," had helped establish The Sun (Thuriya) newspaper in Rangoon.[2] He was also a founding member of the Burma Research Society. His father died when Thant was 14,[3] and a series of inheritance disputes forced Thant's mother, Nan Thaung, and her four children into difficult financial times.[4]
After university Thant returned to Pantanaw to teach at the National School and had become its headmaster by the age of 25. During this time he became close friends with future prime minister U Nu, who was from neighbouring Maubin and was the local superintendent of schools. Thant regularly contributed to several newspapers and magazines under the pen name "Thilawa" and translated a number of books, including one on the League of Nations.[5] U Thant was a devout Buddhist.
[edit] Civil servant
When U Nu became the prime minister of the newly independent Burma, he asked Thant to join him in Rangoon and appointed him director of broadcasting in 1948. In the following year he was appointed secretary to the government of Burma in the Ministry of Information. From 1951 to 1957, Thant was secretary to the prime minister, writing speeches for U Nu, arranging his foreign travel, and meeting foreign visitors. During this entire period, he was U Nu's closest confidant and advisor.
He also took part in a number of international conferences and was the secretary of the first Asian-African summit in 1955 at Bandung, Indonesia, which gave birth to the Non-Aligned Movement. From 1957 to 1961, he was Burma's permanent representative to the United Nations and became actively involved in negotiations over Algerian independence. In 1961, the Burmese government awarded him the title Maha Thray Sithu as a commander in the order of Pyidaungsu Sithu.[6]
[edit] UN Secretary-General
Thant began serving as acting Secretary-General from November 3, 1961, when he was unanimously appointed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council in Resolution 168, to fill the unexpired term of Dag Hammarskjöld. He was then unanimously appointed secretary-general by the General Assembly on November 30, 1962, for a term of office ending on November 3, 1966. During this first term he was widely credited for his role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo. He also said that he wanted to ease tensions between major powers while serving at the UN.[7]
In April 1964, Thant accepted the Holy See’s designation of itself as a permanent observer. There appeared to be no involvement of the General Assembly or the UN Security Council in the decision.[8]
U Thant was re-appointed secretary-general of the United Nations by the General Assembly on December 2, 1966, on the unanimous recommendation of the Security Council. His term of office continued until December 31, 1971, when he retired. During his time in office, he oversaw the entry into the UN of dozens of new Asian and African states and was a firm opponent of apartheid in South Africa. He also established many of the UN's development and environmental agencies, funds and programmes, including the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN University, UNCTAD, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and the UN Environmental Programme.
Unlike his two predecessors,[citation needed] Thant retired after ten years on speaking terms with all the big powers. In 1961, when he was first appointed, the Soviet Union had tried to insist on a troika formula of three secretaries-general, one representing each Cold War bloc, something which would have maintained equality in the United Nations between the superpowers. By 1966, when Thant was reappointed, all the big powers, in a unanimous vote of the Security Council, affirmed the importance of the secretary-generalship and his good offices, a clear tribute to Thant's work.
The Six Day War between Arab countries and Israel, the Prague Spring and subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 leading to the birth of Bangladesh all took place during his tenure as secretary-general.
He was widely criticized in the US and Israel for agreeing to pull UN troops out of the Sinai in 1967 in response to a request from Egyptian president Nasser.[9] U Thant tried to persuade Nasser not to go to war with Israel by flying to Cairo in a last-minute peace effort.
His once good relationship with the US government deteriorated rapidly when he publicly criticized American conduct of the Vietnam War.[10] His secret attempts at direct peace talks between Washington and Hanoi were eventually rejected by the Johnson Administration.
Thant followed UFO reports with some interest; in 1967, he arranged for American atmospheric physicist James E. McDonald to speak before the UN's Outer Space Affairs Group regarding UFOs.[11]
On January 23, 1971, U Thant categorically announced that he would "under no circumstances" be available for a third term as secretary-general. For many weeks, the UN Security Council was deadlocked over the search for a successor before finally settling on Kurt Waldheim to succeed U Thant as secretary-general on December 21, 1971—Waldheim's 53rd birthday—and just ten days before U Thant's second term was to end.
In his farewell address to the United Nations General Assembly, Secretary-General U Thant stated that he felt a "great sense of relief bordering on liberation" on relinquishing the "burdens of office".[12] In an editorial published around December 27, 1971, praising U Thant, The New York Times stated that "the wise counsel of this dedicated man of peace will still be needed after his retirement". The editorial was titled "The Liberation of U Thant".
While serving as secretary-general, U Thant lived in Riverdale, Bronx, on a 4.75-acre (1.92 ha) estate near 232nd Street, between Palisade and Douglas avenues.[13]
[edit] Death
U Thant's tomb, Shwedagon Pagoda Road, Yangon
U Thant died of lung cancer in New York on November 25, 1974. By that time Burma was ruled by a military junta which refused him any honors. The then Burmese president Ne Win was envious of U Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him by the Burmese populace. Ne Win also resented U Thant's close links with the democratic government of U Nu which Ne Win had overthrown in a coup d'etat on March 2, 1962. Ne Win ordered that U Thant be buried without any official involvement or ceremony.
From the United Nations headquarters in New York where he was laid in state, U Thant's body was flown back to Rangoon, but no guard of honour or high ranking officials were on hand at the airport when the coffin arrived except for U Aung Tun, deputy minister of education, who was subsequently dismissed from office.[14]
On the day of U Thant's funeral on December 5, 1974, tens of thousands of people lined the streets of Rangoon to pay their last respects to their distinguished countryman, whose coffin was displayed at Rangoon's Kyaikasan race course for a few hours before the scheduled burial.
The coffin of U Thant was then snatched by a group of students just before it was scheduled to leave for burial in an ordinary Rangoon cemetery. The student demonstrators buried U Thant on the former grounds of the Rangoon University Students Union (RUSU), which Ne Win had dynamited and destroyed on July 8, 1962.
During the period of December 5–11, 1974, the student demonstrators also built a temporary mausoleum for U Thant on the grounds of the RUSU and gave anti-government speeches. In the early morning hours of December 11, 1974, government troops stormed the campus, killed some of the students guarding the makeshift mausoleum, removed U Thant's coffin, and reburied it at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda, where it has continued to lie.[15]
Upon hearing of the storming of the Rangoon University campus and the forcible removal of U Thant's coffin, many people rioted in the streets of Rangoon. Martial law was declared in Rangoon and the surrounding metropolitan areas. What has come to be known as the U Thant Crisis—the student-led protests over the shabby treatment of U Thant by the Ne Win government—was crushed by the Burmese government.[15]
In 1978, U Thant's memoirs, View from the UN, were posthumously published, initially by the American publishing house Doubleday.
[edit] Personal life
U Thant had three brothers: Pantanaw U Khant, U Thaung, and U Tin Maung.[16] U Thant was a licensed radio amateur, call-sign XZ2TH. He was married to Daw Thein Tin. U Thant lost both sons. Maung Bo died in infancy. Tin Maung Thant fell from a bus during a visit to Rangoon. Tin Maung Thant's funeral procession, which was attended by dignitaries, was grander than that of the state funeral of Commodore Than Pe, a member of the 17-man Revolutionary Council and minister of health and education. U Thant was survived by a daughter, an adopted son, five grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren (three girls and two boys). His only grandson, Thant Myint-U, is a historian and a former senior official in the UN's Department of Political Affairs and the author of The River of Lost Footsteps, in part a biography of U Thant.
[edit] Named for him
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)
* The U Thant Peace Award acknowledges and honours individuals or organizations for distinguished accomplishments toward the attainment of world peace.
* The embassy road, Jalan U Thant in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is named after him.
* A tiny island in the East River opposing the headquarters of the United Nations, U Thant Island, is named for him.
* U Thant Honorary Lecture Series has been held regularly at the United Nations University (UNU) Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan.
* United Nations University (UNU) Headquarters in Tokyo, Japan has named their premiere conference facility after him.
* The United Nations International School faculty votes to elect a Junior as the U Thant Scholar, equivalent to valedictorian.
[edit] References
1. ^ vintage news video
2. ^ The River of Lost Footsteps. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2006. ISBN 0374163421.
3. ^ International affairs, Issues 1-3. (2006). Znanye Pub. House. p. 145.
4. ^ Franda, Marcus F. (2006). The United Nations in the twenty-first century: management and reform processes in a troubled organization. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 978-0742553347.
5. ^ Naing, Saw Yan (January 22, 2009). Remembering U Thant and His Achievements. The Irrawaddy.
6. ^ H.W. Wilson Company (1962). Current biography, Volume 23. H. W. Wilson Co.
7. ^ "1962 In Review. United Press International.
8. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations, Interventions
9. ^ Rikhye, Indar Jit (1980). The Sinai blunder: withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force leading to the Six-Day War of June 1967. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714631363.
10. ^ Dennen, Leon (August 12, 1968). U Thant Speaks No Evil on Czech Crisis. Daily News.
11. ^ Letter to U Thant / James E. McDonald. - Tucson, Ariz. : J.E. McDonald, 1967. - 2 s;Druffel, Ann; Firestorm: Dr. James E. McDonald's Fight for UFO Science; 2003, Wild Flower Press; ISBN 0-926524-58-5
12. ^ Whitman, Alden (November 26, 1974). "U Thant Is Dead of Cancer at 65; UT Thant Is Dead of Cancer; United Nations Mourns." The New York Times.
13. ^ Dunlap, David W. "Bronx Residents Fighting Plans Of a Developer", The New York Times, November 16, 1987. Accessed 2008-05-04. "A battle has broken out in the Bronx over the future of the peaceful acreage where U Thant lived when he headed the United Nations. A group of neighbors from Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil has demanded that the city acquire as a public park the 4.75-acre (19,200 m2) parcel known as the Douglas-U Thant estate, north of 232d Street, between Palisade and Douglas Avenues."
14. ^ Asian almanac, Volume 13. (1975). s.n. p. 6809.
15. ^ a b Soe-win, Henry (June 17, 2008). Peace Eludes U Thant. Asian Tribune.
16. ^ Bingham, June (1966). U Thant: The Search For Peace. Victor Gollancz. p
secretary-general of united nations( Ban Ki -moon)
Secretary-General of the United Nations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Question book-new.svg
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)
Secretary-General of the
United Nations
Emblem of the United Nations.svg
Incumbent
Ban Ki-moon
since 1 January 2007
Residence Sutton Place, Manhattan, New York, USA
Term length Five years, renewable indefinitely
Inaugural holder Gladwyn Jebb
24 October 1945 (Acting)
Trygve Lie
February 1, 1946
Formation United Nations Charter,
26 June 1945
Website UN Secretary-General webpage
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United Nations.
The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007. His first term will expire on the 31st of December 2011, and he will be eligible for reappointment.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Role
* 2 Term and selection
* 3 Secretaries-General
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] Role
The Secretary-General was envisioned by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator," but the office was defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer" (Article 97). Nevertheless, this more restricted description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues, to various degrees.
The official residence of the Secretary-General is a five-story townhouse in the Sutton Place neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[1]
[edit] Term and selection
Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active UN Secretary-General from 1953 until his death in 1961. Hammarskjöld acted as a mediator during the Suez Crisis and the 1960 capture of a US reconnaissance plane by the USSR. He also established the first UN peacekeeping force that had been proposed by Canadian Minister of External Affairs, Lester B. Pearson.
See also: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2006
Secretaries-General serve for five-year terms that can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far has held office for more than two terms;[2] most have served two terms. The Charter provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the General Assembly upon the nomination of the Security Council. Therefore, the selection is subject to the veto of any of the five permanent members of the Security Council.
The UN Charter's terse language has since been supplemented by other procedural rules and also accepted practices. In practice, the Secretary-General cannot be a national of any of the Permanent Members of the Security Council. An accepted practice of regional (continental) rotation has also been adopted in the selection of successive candidates. The ability of candidates to converse in both English and French is also considered an unofficial qualification for the office.
Most Secretaries-General are compromise-candidates from middle powers and with little prior fame. High-profile candidates are often touted for the job, but are almost always rejected as unpalatable to some. For instance, figures like Charles de Gaulle, Dwight Eisenhower, and Sir Anthony Eden were considered for the first Secretary-General position, but were rejected in favor of the uncontroversial Norwegian Trygve Lie. Due to international politics and the mechanicisms of political compromise, there are many similarities between the process and ideals for selecting the Secretary-General and those of selecting leading figures in other international organizations, such as the election of Popes in the Roman Catholic Church, or the Premier of the former Soviet Union.[citation needed] Dag Hammarskjöld remains the only Secretary-General to have died in office.
In the early 1960s, Soviet ruler Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would typically be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev advanced a proposal to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council (a "troika"): one member from the West, one from the Communist states, and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.
[edit] Secretaries-General
Note: Alger Hiss was Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, held in April to June 1945.
# Portrait Secretary-General Dates in office Country of origin Reason of withdrawal Ref.
– Sr. Gladwyn Jebb.jpg Gladwyn Jebb 24 October 1945 –
1 February 1946 United Kingdom United Kingdom Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.[3]
1 Trygve Lie.jpg Trygve Lie 1 February 1946 –
10 November 1952 Norway Norway Resigned [4]
Lie, a foreign minister and former labor leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The US circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of forty-six to five, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[5]
2 Dag Hammarskjöld cropped.JPG Dag Hammarskjöld 10 April 1953 –
18 September 1961 Sweden Sweden Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo [6]
After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. Hammarskjöld was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[5] US President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century."[7]
3 U-Thant-10617.jpg U Thant
30 November 1961 –
31 December 1971 Burma Burma Declined to be considered for another term. [8]
In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma was supporting Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. Thant was the first Asian Secretary General. The following year, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a full five-year term. He was similarly re-elected in 1966. Thant did not seek a third term.[5]
4 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-M0921-014, Beglaubigungsschreiben DDR-Vertreter in UNO new.png Kurt Waldheim 1 January 1972 –
31 December 1981 Austria Austria China vetoed his third term. [9]
Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. In the mid 1980s, it was revealed that a post-WW II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal - based on his forced involvement with the Nazi German army. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[5]
5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.JPG Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1 January 1982 –
31 December 1991 Peru Peru Refused to be considered for a third term. [10]
Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat, was a compromise candidate, and the first Secretary General from Latin America. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[5]
6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali.jpg Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1 January 1992 –
31 December 1996 Egypt Egypt The United States vetoed his second term. [11]
The 102 member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls - a first for the council. Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996 the US vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN. Boutros-Ghali responded saying he was given insufficient resources caused in large part by countries with large debts owed to the UN, such as the US[5] On his watch the UN suffered two of the worst humiliations in its history, the massacre of almost a million people in the 1994 Rwanda genocide, under the impotent eye of a UN mission, and the genocide in 1995 of tens of thousands of Bosniaks (Muslims) in UN safe zones, including Srebrenica, in the former Yugoslavia, creating the phrase "ethnic cleansing". In both cases the UN judged itself to be at fault.[12]
7 Kofi Annan.jpg Kofi Annan 1 January 1997 –
31 December 2006 Ghana Ghana Retired after two full terms [13]
Annan was head of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations before being selected as the Secretary-General. In 2001, after implementing changes such as a more fiscally responsible budget, Annan was unanimously re-elected to a second term.[5] Mr. Annan, an African, was also selected in an informal "rotation between continents" because Mr. Boutros-Ghali had only served for one term in the office.
8 Ban Ki-moon by UNDP.jpg Ban Ki-moon 1 January 2007–
present South Korea South Korea Incumbent [14].
Ban became the second Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General. The rotation among continents skipped North America for several reasons: a candidate from the United States is looked on unfavorably by many nations, there are few countries in North America to choose from, and Canada and Mexico had not put forward a favored candidate for the role.
UN Regional Group Secretaries-General Terms
Western European and Others 4 7
Eastern European Group 0 0
Latin American and Caribbean Group 1 2
Asian Group 2 3
African Group 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Question book-new.svg
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)
Secretary-General of the
United Nations
Emblem of the United Nations.svg
Incumbent
Ban Ki-moon
since 1 January 2007
Residence Sutton Place, Manhattan, New York, USA
Term length Five years, renewable indefinitely
Inaugural holder Gladwyn Jebb
24 October 1945 (Acting)
Trygve Lie
February 1, 1946
Formation United Nations Charter,
26 June 1945
Website UN Secretary-General webpage
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United Nations.
The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007. His first term will expire on the 31st of December 2011, and he will be eligible for reappointment.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Role
* 2 Term and selection
* 3 Secretaries-General
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] Role
The Secretary-General was envisioned by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator," but the office was defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer" (Article 97). Nevertheless, this more restricted description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues, to various degrees.
The official residence of the Secretary-General is a five-story townhouse in the Sutton Place neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[1]
[edit] Term and selection
Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active UN Secretary-General from 1953 until his death in 1961. Hammarskjöld acted as a mediator during the Suez Crisis and the 1960 capture of a US reconnaissance plane by the USSR. He also established the first UN peacekeeping force that had been proposed by Canadian Minister of External Affairs, Lester B. Pearson.
See also: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 2006
Secretaries-General serve for five-year terms that can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far has held office for more than two terms;[2] most have served two terms. The Charter provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the General Assembly upon the nomination of the Security Council. Therefore, the selection is subject to the veto of any of the five permanent members of the Security Council.
The UN Charter's terse language has since been supplemented by other procedural rules and also accepted practices. In practice, the Secretary-General cannot be a national of any of the Permanent Members of the Security Council. An accepted practice of regional (continental) rotation has also been adopted in the selection of successive candidates. The ability of candidates to converse in both English and French is also considered an unofficial qualification for the office.
Most Secretaries-General are compromise-candidates from middle powers and with little prior fame. High-profile candidates are often touted for the job, but are almost always rejected as unpalatable to some. For instance, figures like Charles de Gaulle, Dwight Eisenhower, and Sir Anthony Eden were considered for the first Secretary-General position, but were rejected in favor of the uncontroversial Norwegian Trygve Lie. Due to international politics and the mechanicisms of political compromise, there are many similarities between the process and ideals for selecting the Secretary-General and those of selecting leading figures in other international organizations, such as the election of Popes in the Roman Catholic Church, or the Premier of the former Soviet Union.[citation needed] Dag Hammarskjöld remains the only Secretary-General to have died in office.
In the early 1960s, Soviet ruler Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would typically be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev advanced a proposal to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council (a "troika"): one member from the West, one from the Communist states, and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.
[edit] Secretaries-General
Note: Alger Hiss was Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, held in April to June 1945.
# Portrait Secretary-General Dates in office Country of origin Reason of withdrawal Ref.
– Sr. Gladwyn Jebb.jpg Gladwyn Jebb 24 October 1945 –
1 February 1946 United Kingdom United Kingdom Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.[3]
1 Trygve Lie.jpg Trygve Lie 1 February 1946 –
10 November 1952 Norway Norway Resigned [4]
Lie, a foreign minister and former labor leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The US circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of forty-six to five, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[5]
2 Dag Hammarskjöld cropped.JPG Dag Hammarskjöld 10 April 1953 –
18 September 1961 Sweden Sweden Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo [6]
After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. Hammarskjöld was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[5] US President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century."[7]
3 U-Thant-10617.jpg U Thant
30 November 1961 –
31 December 1971 Burma Burma Declined to be considered for another term. [8]
In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma was supporting Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. Thant was the first Asian Secretary General. The following year, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a full five-year term. He was similarly re-elected in 1966. Thant did not seek a third term.[5]
4 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-M0921-014, Beglaubigungsschreiben DDR-Vertreter in UNO new.png Kurt Waldheim 1 January 1972 –
31 December 1981 Austria Austria China vetoed his third term. [9]
Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. In the mid 1980s, it was revealed that a post-WW II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal - based on his forced involvement with the Nazi German army. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[5]
5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.JPG Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1 January 1982 –
31 December 1991 Peru Peru Refused to be considered for a third term. [10]
Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat, was a compromise candidate, and the first Secretary General from Latin America. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[5]
6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali.jpg Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1 January 1992 –
31 December 1996 Egypt Egypt The United States vetoed his second term. [11]
The 102 member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls - a first for the council. Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996 the US vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN. Boutros-Ghali responded saying he was given insufficient resources caused in large part by countries with large debts owed to the UN, such as the US[5] On his watch the UN suffered two of the worst humiliations in its history, the massacre of almost a million people in the 1994 Rwanda genocide, under the impotent eye of a UN mission, and the genocide in 1995 of tens of thousands of Bosniaks (Muslims) in UN safe zones, including Srebrenica, in the former Yugoslavia, creating the phrase "ethnic cleansing". In both cases the UN judged itself to be at fault.[12]
7 Kofi Annan.jpg Kofi Annan 1 January 1997 –
31 December 2006 Ghana Ghana Retired after two full terms [13]
Annan was head of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations before being selected as the Secretary-General. In 2001, after implementing changes such as a more fiscally responsible budget, Annan was unanimously re-elected to a second term.[5] Mr. Annan, an African, was also selected in an informal "rotation between continents" because Mr. Boutros-Ghali had only served for one term in the office.
8 Ban Ki-moon by UNDP.jpg Ban Ki-moon 1 January 2007–
present South Korea South Korea Incumbent [14].
Ban became the second Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General. The rotation among continents skipped North America for several reasons: a candidate from the United States is looked on unfavorably by many nations, there are few countries in North America to choose from, and Canada and Mexico had not put forward a favored candidate for the role.
UN Regional Group Secretaries-General Terms
Western European and Others 4 7
Eastern European Group 0 0
Latin American and Caribbean Group 1 2
Asian Group 2 3
African Group 2
President Obama's biography
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Jump to: navigation, search
"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barack (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation).
This article is semi-protected to prevent libelous additions.
Barack Obama
A portrait shot of a serious looking middle-aged African-American male looking straight ahead. He has short black hair, and is wearing a dark navy blazer with a blue striped tie over a light blue collared shirt. In the background are two flags hanging from separate flagpoles: an American flag, and one from the Executive Office of the President.
44th President of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 20, 2009
Vice President Joe Biden
Preceded by George W. Bush
United States Senator
from Illinois
In office
January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008
Preceded by Peter Fitzgerald
Succeeded by Roland Burris
Member of the Illinois Senate
from the 13th district
In office
January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004
Preceded by Alice Palmer
Succeeded by Kwame Raoul
Born August 4, 1961 (1961-08-04) (age 48)[1]
Honolulu, Hawaii[2]
Birth name Barack Hussein Obama II[2]
Nationality American
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Michelle Obama (m. 1992)
Children Malia Ann Obama (b. 1998)
Natasha (Sasha) Obama (b. 2001)
Residence The White House (official) Chicago, Illinois (private)
Alma mater Occidental College
Columbia University (B.A.)
Harvard Law School (J.D.)
Occupation Community organizer
Lawyer
Constitutional law professor
Author
Religion Christianity[3]
Signature Barack Obama
Website The White House
Barack Obama
This article is part of a series about
Barack Obama
Background · Illinois Senate · U.S. Senate · Political positions · Public image · Family · 2008 primaries · Obama–Biden campaign · Transition · Inauguration · Electoral history · Presidency (Timeline '09 '10, First 100 days) · 2009 Nobel Peace Prize
more...
Barack Hussein Obama II (Listeni /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
A native of Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.
Obama served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he ran for United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Democratic primary and his prime-time televised keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in February 2009. On October 8, 2009, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In March 2010, he signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law, bringing about comprehensive health care reform.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Early life and career
o 1.1 Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School
o 1.2 University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney
* 2 Political career: 1996–2008
o 2.1 State Senator: 1997–2004
o 2.2 2004 U.S. Senate campaign
o 2.3 U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
+ 2.3.1 Legislation
+ 2.3.2 Committees
* 3 2008 presidential campaign
* 4 Presidency
o 4.1 First days
o 4.2 Domestic policy
+ 4.2.1 Economic policy
+ 4.2.2 Health care reform
+ 4.2.3 Gulf of Mexico oil spill
o 4.3 Foreign policy
+ 4.3.1 Iraq war
+ 4.3.2 War in Afghanistan
o 4.4 Cultural and political image
* 5 Political positions
* 6 Family and personal life
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links
Early life and career
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961[4] at Kapi'olani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States,[5] to Stanley Ann Dunham,[6] an American of mostly English, but also German,[7] descent from Wichita, Kansas,[8] and Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya Colony. Obama is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.[9][10] Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[11][12] The couple married on February 2, 1961,[13] but separated when Barack Sr. went to Harvard University on scholarship, and divorced in 1964.[12] Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.[14]
After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the Menteng neighborhood of Jakarta.[15][16] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.[17][18]
In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from the fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[19] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year, before dying of ovarian cancer.[20]
A young boy possibly in his early teens, a younger girl (about age 5), a grown woman and an elderly man, sit on a lawn wearing contemporary circa-1970 attire. The adults wear sunglasses and the boy wears sandals.
Barack Obama and half-sister Maya Soetoro, with their mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii (early 1970s)
Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[21] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[22] Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[23] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[24] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his "greatest moral failure."[25]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College.[26] In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental's divestment from South Africa.[26] In the summer of 1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in India and Pakistan for three weeks.[26]
Later in 1981 he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[27] and graduated with a B.A. in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[28][29] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[30][31]
Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School
After four years in New York City, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[30][32] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from US$70,000 ($141,564 in 2010) to US$400,000 ($735,648 in 2010). He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[33] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[34] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[35] He returned in August 2006 in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.[36]
In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[37] and president of the journal in his second year.[38] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[39] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude[40] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[37] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[38] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[41] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[41]
University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[42] He then served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.[43]
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration drive with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[44] In 1993 he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[45]
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and of the Joyce Foundation.[30] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[30]
Political career: 1996–2008
State Senator: 1997–2004
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[46] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[47] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[48] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[49]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[50] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[51]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[52] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[48][53] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[54] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[55]
2004 U.S. Senate campaign
See also: United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002, and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[56] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[57] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[58]
In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts,[59] and it was seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[60]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[61] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[62] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70% of the vote.[63]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005,[64] at which time he became the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[65] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him among the "most liberal" senators during 2005 through 2007.[66] He enjoyed high popularity as senator with a 72% approval in Illinois.[67] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[68]
Legislation
See also: List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate
A man with glasses and Obama sit and hold a sheet of paper. Obama points at the paper and talks. Both men wear dark suits and ties.
Senate bill sponsors Tom Coburn (R-OK) and Obama discussing the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act[69]
Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[70] He introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[71] and the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[72] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[73]
Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[74] On the issue of tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[75]
Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right sholder.
Obama and U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian mobile launch missile dismantling facility in August 2005.[76]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[77] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[78] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections[79] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[80] neither of which has been signed into law.
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.[81] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[82] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[83] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[84]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[85] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[86] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[87] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government.[88]
2008 presidential campaign
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008, Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
Obama stands on stage with his family. They wave.
Obama stands on stage with his wife and two daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, Feb. 10, 2007.
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for president of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[89][90][91] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic[89][92] because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[91] Throughout the campaign, Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence and providing universal health care.[93]
Obama delivers a speech at a podium while several flashbulbs light the background.
Obama delivers his presidential election victory speech in Grant Park.
A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[94] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama was named the presumptive nominee[95] and delivered a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7, 2008.[96]
Obama proceeded to focus on the general election campaign against Senator John McCain, the presumptive Republican nominee, in the lead up to the Democratic National Convention. He announced on August 23, 2008, that he had selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[97] At the convention, held August 25 to August 28 in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her delegates and supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in support of Obama.[98] Obama delivered his acceptance speech to over 75,000 supporters and presented his policy goals; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[99]
Obama meets with Bush in the Oval Office. Both sit at a distance in front of the presidential desk with their legs crossed and their backs on an angle toward the camera. They sit at right angles to each other.
President George W. Bush meets with President-Elect Obama in the Oval Office on November 10, 2008.
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[100] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[101]
After McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, three presidential debates were held between the contenders spanning September and October 2008.[102] On November 4, Obama won the presidency by winning 365 electoral votes to 173 that McCain received,[103] in the process capturing 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7%,[104] to become the first African American[105] to be elected president. Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[106]
Presidency
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
Barack Obama takes the oath of office as president of the United States.
First days
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq,[107] and ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp "as soon as practicable and no later than" January 2010.[108] Obama also reduced the secrecy given to presidential records[109] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.[110] The president also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions.[111]
Domestic policy
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[112] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million children currently uninsured.[113]
In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research to only a small number of lines. Obama stated that he believed "sound science and moral values...are not inconsistent" and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[114]
Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[115] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice.[116]
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[117][118]
Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, on October 8, 2009.[119][120][121]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[122][123][124][125]
Economic policy
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[126] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals,[127] which is being distributed over the course of several years.
President Barack Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009 in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Joe Biden stands behind him.
In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets. On March 23, The New York Times noted that "[i]nvestors reacted ecstatically, with all of the major stock indexes soaring as soon as the markets opened."[128]
Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[129] in March, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[130] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12% stake.[131] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[132] He signed into law the successful Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", running from July to August 2009, which not only reduced inventories but set off increased production runs at GM, Ford and Toyota, resulting in the rehiring of laid-off workers.[133][134]
In mid-November 2009, Obama acknowledged the concern that adding too much more debt could cause the economy to slide into a "double dip" recession.[135] Although total spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations was about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had actually been spent by the end of November 2009.[136]
Unemployment numbers rose briefly to as high as 10.1% in October 2009 (the highest since 1983),[137] and the "underemployment" rate to 17.5%,[138] before decreasing and holding at 9.7% in early 2010.[139] In the third quarter of 2009, the U.S. economy expanded at a 2.8% pace[140] and in the fourth quarter it grew at its fastest rate in six years, 5.7%.[141] Other possible signs of recovery included an upturn in exports and a rise in consumer spending.[142]
The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for the economic growth.[143][144] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[145][146][147][148] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[149] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of the 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[150]
Health care reform
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
Obama signs bill at desk while others look on.
Barack Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010.
Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[151] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.[152][153]
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[151] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over his administration's proposals.[154]
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[155][156] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.[157] On March 21, 2010, the health care bill passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.[158] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.[159]
Gulf of Mexico oil spill
Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. He began a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[160] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[161][162][163][164][165]
Foreign policy
President Barack Obama meets British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, in 2009.
Main article: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration
In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[166] Obama's granting of his first television interview as president to an Arabic cable network, Al Arabiya, was seen as an attempt to reach out to Arab leaders.[167]
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[168] This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.[169] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[170] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[171]
On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[172] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[173]
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[174]
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[175][176] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitri Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.[177]
Iraq war
Main article: Iraq War
During his presidential transition, President-elect Obama announced that he would retain the incumbent Defense Secretary, Robert Gates, in his Cabinet.[178]
On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations would end in Iraq within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[179] The drawdown is scheduled to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[180]
War in Afghanistan
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[181] He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[182] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[183] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.[184] He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.[185][186]
Cultural and political image
Group portrait of five presidential men in dark suits and ties
President George W. Bush invited then-President-elect Barack Obama and former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Jimmy Carter to a meeting in the Oval Office on January 7, 2009.
Main article: Public image of Barack Obama
See also: International media reaction to Barack Obama's 2008 election
Obama's family history, early life and upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[187] Obama is also not a descendent of American slaves.[188] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[189] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[190]
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[191] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[192]
20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv
Play video
Obama presents his first weekly address as President of the United States on January 24, discussing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
According to the Pew Research Center, Obama's approval ratings dropped from 64% in February, 2009 to 49% in December, a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years.[193]
Obama's international appeal has been described as a defining factor for his public image.[194] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,[195] and he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[196] Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[197] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[198]
According to a May 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of this economic downturn.[199]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[200] His "Yes We Can" speech, which artists independently set to music, was viewed by 10 million people on YouTube in the first month,[201] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[202] In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[203]
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[204] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[205] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[206][207] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.
Political positions
Main article: Political positions of Barack Obama
During his Senate service, Obama had a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the American Conservative Union[208] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the Americans for Democratic Action.[209]
In April 2005, Obama defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.[210] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.[211] Obama said in 2007 that he supported universal health care in the United States.[212] He has proposed rewarding teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.[213]
Obama has supported eliminating taxes for senior citizens with incomes of under $50,000, and raising taxes on income over $250,000, on capital gains, and on dividends.[214] He has also supported simplifying tax filings and removing loopholes.[215]
As an environmental initiative, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system with no grandfathering to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.[216][217]
In foreign affairs, Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's policies on Iraq.[218] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[219] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[220] and spoke out against the war.[221] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[222]
In a March 2007 speech, Obama said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, without preconditions, but not ruling out military action.[223] In August 2007, Obama remarked that "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan.[224]
Obama stated in 2007 that he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not weaponize space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems", and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia to reduce the pressure on both sides for intercontinental ballistic missiles to be on high-alert status.[225]
Obama has called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.[226] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[227]
Family and personal life
Barack and Michelle Obama, their children, and her mother, along with the Easter Bunny, on a balcony waving.
Barack Obama together with his family and the Easter Bunny, as they wave from the South Portico of the White House to guests attending the White House Easter Egg Roll.
Main articles: Early life and career of Barack Obama and Family of Barack Obama
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[228] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living, and a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.[229] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham[230] until her death on November 2, 2008,[231] two days before his election to the Presidency. In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.[232] Obama's great-uncle served in the 89th Division that overran Ohrdruf,[233] the first of the Nazi concentration camps to be liberated by U.S. troops during World War II.[234]
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[235] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[236] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[237]
Obama holding a basketball above his head in midair while four other players look at him. He looks toward the camera over his right shoulder.
Obama playing basketball with U.S. military at Camp Lemonier, Djibouti in 2006[238]
Obama receiving a Pittsburgh Steelers jersey from Steelers owner Dan Rooney, who campaigned for Obama in 2008[239]
Obama is a well known supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a Senator.[240] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the all star game while wearing a White Sox jacket.[241] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears fan in the NFL, but is known to also support the Pittsburgh Steelers,[239] and openly rooted for them in their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after Obama took office as President.[242]
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[243] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[244] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[245] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[246] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[247] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[248] The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo.[249]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[250] The purchase of an adjacent lot and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[251]
In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[252] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million—up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[253]
Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household". He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists") to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He describes his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".[254] He was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988 and was an active member there for two decades.[255] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.[256] After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.[257]
Obama has tried to quit smoking several times over the years and currently uses nicotine replacement therapy, though he has acknowledged that he has not quit entirely.[258][259][260]
Notes
1. ^ "President Barack Obama". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
2. ^ a b "Certification of Live Birth for Barack Obama". Department of Health, Hawaii. August 8, 1961. http://static.politifact.com.s3.amazonaws.com/graphics/birthCertObama.jpg. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
3. ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
* United Church of Christ (January 20, 2009). "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". Press release. http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
* An Associated Press wire story on Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy stated that he had, in doing so, disaffiliated himself with the UCC. (See"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. MSNBC. November 17, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/. Retrieved January 20, 2009. )
* Miller, Lisa and Wolffe, Richard, "Finding His Faith", Newsweek, July 12, 2008, Retrieved February 4, 2010
* Anne E. Kornblut Washington Post Staff Writer, "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say" Washington Post, February 4, 2010, Retrieved February 4, 2010 Obama prays privately...when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them.
* Amy Sullivan Time Magazine The Obamas Find a Church Home—Away from Home Obama...will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.
* "Obama Has Never Been A Muslim, And Is a Committed Christian", Organizing for America, November 12, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
4. ^ "Born in the U.S.A.". FactCheck. August 21, 2008. http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
5. ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
6. ^ For Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19
7. ^ "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USA Today. 6/4/2009. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
8. ^ "Born in the U.S.A.". FactCheck. August 21, 2008. http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/born_in_the_usa.html. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
* Hutton, Brian (May 3, 2007). "For sure, Obama's South Side Irish". The Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/368961,CST-NWS-ireland03.article. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
* Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own - washingtonpost.com". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
9. ^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "NPR's Political Junkie, December 23, 2009, accessed December 30, 2009". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
10. ^ Heard on Tell Me More (October 29, 2008). "Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=96126355. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
11. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see"Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927225314/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-2212.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
12. ^ a b Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas. Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Tempo). http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
13. ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
14. ^ Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The Ghost of a Father". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
* Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
15. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
16. ^ "Statue of a Young Obama To Watch Over Indonesian Capital". The Jakarta Globe. December 9, 2009. http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/statue-of-us-president-barack-obama-to-be-unveiled-in-jakarta-park/346178. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
17. ^ "From Chinaview.cn". News.xinhuanet.com. December 10, 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/10/content_12624443.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
18. ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 24, 2007). "Obama Debunks Claim About Islamic School". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371_pf.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
19. ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou Grad Stirs Up Illinois Politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
* Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
20. ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
* Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. http://old.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20061129.F03. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
21. ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.
22. ^ Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5.
* Serrano, Richard A (March 11, 2007). "Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1230439131.html?dids=1230439131:1230439131&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+11%2C+2007&author=Richard+A.+Serrano&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.20&desc=THE+NATION. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
23. ^ Reyes, B. J (February 8, 2007). "Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
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* In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94.
* For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
* Seelye, Katharine Q (October 24, 2006). "Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/24/us/politics/24obama.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
25. ^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". LAKE FOREST, California: CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
26. ^ a b c Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times: p. B1. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune: p. 20. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times: p. A18. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (Associated Press) (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama’s 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
* Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
* Remnick (2010), pp. 98–112.
27. ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
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* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295
* Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
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reprinted in:Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, Illinois: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335.
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35. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
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214. ^ "Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy". CBS. August 13, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/08/16/politics/main636398.shtml. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
215. ^ "Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings". CNN. September 18, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/09/18/obama.taxplan/. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
216. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (October 9, 2007). "Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/09/us/politics/09obama.html. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
217. ^ Barack Obama. "The Blueprint for Change: Barack Obama's plan for America" (PDF). Obama for America. http://www.barackobama.com/pdf/ObamaBlueprintForChange.pdf. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
218. ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender: p. 1. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
219. ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). "President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
220. ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2003). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved February 3, 2008. Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N.". Chicago Defender: p. 1. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html. Retrieved October 28, 2008. "Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday." Bryant, Greg (October 2, 2002). "300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq". Medill News Service. http://74.125.95.104/search?q=cache:joI6vZO9y4UJ:mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2002/10/300_protesters.html. Retrieved February 3, 2008. Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). "Five Years Since Our First Action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127. Retrieved February 17, 2008. Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (October 3, 2002). "300 attend rally against Iraq war" (paid archive). Daily Herald (Arlington Heights): p. 8. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved October 28, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
221. ^ Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq". BarackObama.com. http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
* McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). "Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 7. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved October 28, 2008. "The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion."
* Pallasch, Abdon M. (October 3, 2007). "Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times: p. 26. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
222. ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times: p. 3. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
* Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). "President Bush: Monday "Moment of Truth" for World on Iraq". The White House. http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/16/sprj.irq.main/index.html. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
* "'Moment of truth for the world'; Bush, three allies set today as final day for Iraq to disarm or face massive military attack" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Associated Press: p. 1. March 17, 2003. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Moment%20of%20truth%20for%20the%20world)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Moment%20of%20truth%20for%20the%20world)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
223. ^ Obama, Barack (March 2, 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. http://obama.senate.gov/speech/070302-aipac_policy_fo/index.php. Retrieved January 30, 2008. (Archive copy at the Wayback Machine) For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see:Mendell, David (September 25, 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/699578571.html?dids=699578571:699578571&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
224. ^ "Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda". BBC News. August 1, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6926663.stm. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
225. ^ Barack Obama. (October 22, 2007) (flv). Obama-Caucus4Priorities. Obama '08. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7o84PE871BE. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
226. ^ Obama, Barack; Sam Brownback (December 27, 2005). "Policy Adrift on Darfur". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/26/AR2005122600547.html. Retrieved January 14, 2008. Doyle, Jim (May 1, 2006). "Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/01/MNGFBIIFOA1.DTL. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
227. ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (Associated Press) (May 17, 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/05/17/politics/p171906D95.DTL. Retrieved January 14, 2008. ;Obama, Barack (August 30, 2007). 30, 2007_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html "Hit Iran Where It Hurts". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2007/08/30/2007-08-30_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html 30, 2007_hit_iran_where_it_hurts.html. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
228. ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
229. ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also:"Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
230. ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
231. ^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
232. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see:Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story. Retrieved June 24, 2008. Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
233. ^ Johnson, Carla K., Associated Press Writer (July 24, 2008). "Obama's great-uncle recalls liberating Nazi camp". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-07-24-1654309354_x.htm. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
234. ^ "The 89th Infantry Division". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006140. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
235. ^ "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. March 31, 2008. http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
236. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
* "Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan". http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan.
237. ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also:"The Love of the Game" (video). HBO: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (YouTube (BarackObama.com)). April 15, 2008. http://www.hbo.com/realsports/stories/2008/episode.133.s1.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
238. ^ "Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: August 31 – September 1, 2006" (video). Combined Joint Task Force—Horn of Africa (YouTube). February 6, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9GqdzQeCz0. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
239. ^ a b Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). "Steelers Win Obama's Approval". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html. "But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart. All right?"
240. ^ "Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball". The Swamp. August 25, 2008. http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
241. ^ "Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit". MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009. http://mlb.fanhouse.com/2009/07/14/barack-obama-explains-white-sox-jacket-talks-nats-in-all-star-b/. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
242. ^ "President-elect Obama Likely To Root For The Steelers". kdka.com. January 14, 2009. http://kdka.com/politics/Barack.Obama.Steelers.2.908698.html. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
243. ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
244. ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
245. ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
246. ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
247. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
248. ^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School", International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
249. ^ One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo
250. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
251. ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
* Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
252. ^ Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
253. ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
254. ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in:Obama, Barack (October 23, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
* Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois (website). http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
255. ^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/30/america/30obama.php?page=2. April 30, 2007
* Obama, Barack (October 23, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html.
256. ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. MSNBC. November 17, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
257. ^ "The Obamas Find a Church Home—Away from Home". Time. June 29, 2009. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
258. ^ "Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. December 7, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4B61GF20081207. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
259. ^ "Obama in good health, but still smokes"[dead link], KABC-TV, February 28, 2010. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
260. ^ Hook, Janet (March 1, 2010), "Obama in excellent health, doctor says, but he should quit smoking", Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
References
* Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
* Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
* Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
* Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
Further reading
* Curry, Jessica. "Barack Obama: Under the Lights", Chicago Life, Fall 2004. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
* Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
* Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Truman State University), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, Binding: Hardcover Pub. Date: 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
* Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
* MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
* Mundy, Liza. "A Series of Fortunate Events", The Washington Post Magazine, August 12, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
* Wallace-Wells, Ben. "Destiny's Child[dead link]", Rolling Stone, February 7, 2007. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
* Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved on January 14, 2008.
External links
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Official sites
* President Barack Obama official White House website
* Full transcript and video of President Obama's inaugural address (from whitehouse.gov)
* BarackObama.com (official website)
* Official Nobel page for Obama
Site directory
* Barack Obama at the Open Directory Project
* Works by or about Barack Obama in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
News media
* Ongoing news coverage from the BBC News, Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago Tribune, The Guardian, Washington Post
* "US election results map". BBC News. October 29, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7697829.stm. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
* "In quotes: US election reaction". BBC News. November 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/us_elections_2008/7710020.stm. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
* "In pictures: Election result reaction". BBC News. November 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7709830.stm. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
* FACTBOX: Barack Obama, Democratic President-elect (Reuters, November 5, 2008)
Congressional links
* Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
* Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
* Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
* Congressional profile at GovTrack.us
* Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
* Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com
* Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
* Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
* Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
* Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
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Self-authored (Dreams from My Father · The Audacity of Hope) · Obama: From Promise to Power · Barack Obama - Der schwarze Kennedy · The Case Against Barack Obama · The Obama Nation · Culture of Corruption · Catastrophe · Barack and Michelle · Game Change · The Speech
Music
Obama Girl ("I Got a Crush... on Obama") · "Barack the Magic Negro" · will.i.am ("Yes We Can" · "We Are the Ones") · "There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama" · "Sí Se Puede Cambiar" · "My President" · "Deadheads for Obama" · "Air and Simple Gifts" · Change Is Now · Hope! – Das Obama Musical
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OAS leaders
Antigua and Barbuda Spencer · Argentina Kirchner · The Bahamas Ingraham · Barbados Thompson · Belize Barrow · Bolivia Morales · Brazil Lula · Canada Harper · Chile Piñera · Colombia Uribe · Costa Rica Chinchilla · Dominica Skerrit · Dominican Republic Fernandez · Ecuador Correa · El Salvador Funes · Grenada Thomas · Guatemala Colom · Guyana Jagdeo · Haiti Bellerive · Jamaica Golding · Mexico Calderon · Nicaragua Ortega · Panama Martinelli · Paraguay Lugo · Saint Kitts and Nevis Douglas · Saint Lucia King · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Gonsalves · Suriname Venetiaan · Trinidad and Tobago Persad-Bissessar · United States Obama · Uruguay Mujica · Venezuela Chavez ·
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United States presidential election, 2008
United States elections, 2008 · Candidates (Comparison) · Debates · Congressional support · Fundraising · Ballot access · Timeline · Super Tuesday · Potomac primary · Super Tuesday II · General polls · Statewide general polls · International polls · International reaction
Democratic Party
Convention • Primary polls •
General polls • Debates • Primaries •
Primary results • Superdelegates
Nominee: Barack Obama (campaign, positions)
VP nominee: Joe Biden (positions)
Candidates: Evan Bayh (campaign) • Joe Biden (campaign) • Hillary Rodham Clinton (campaign) • Chris Dodd (campaign) • John Edwards (campaign) • Mike Gravel (campaign) • Dennis Kucinich (campaign) • Dal LaMagna • Bill Richardson (campaign) • Tom Vilsack (campaign)
Republican Party
Convention • Primary polls •
General polls • Debates • Primaries •
Primary results
Nominee: John McCain (campaign, positions)
VP nominee: Sarah Palin (positions)
Candidates: Sam Brownback • Hugh Cort • John Cox • Dan Gilbert • Jim Gilmore (campaign) • Rudy Giuliani (campaign) • Mike Huckabee (campaign) • Duncan Hunter (campaign) • Alan Keyes (campaign) • Ray McKinney • Ron Paul (campaign) • Mitt Romney (campaign) • Tom Tancredo (campaign) • Fred Thompson (campaign) • Tommy Thompson (campaign)
Draft movements
Democratic Party: Al Gore • Mark Warner (movement) • Republican Party: Newt Gingrich • Condoleezza Rice (movement) • Independent: Michael Bloomberg (movement)
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Third-Party and independent candidates
America's Independent Party
Nominee: Alan Keyes (campaign)
VP Nominee: Brian Rohrbough
Boston Tea Party
Nominee: Charles Jay
VP Nominee: Thomas Knapp
Constitution Party
Convention
Nominee: Chuck Baldwin (campaign)
VP Nominee: Darrell Castle
Candidates: Daniel Imperato • Alan Keyes (campaign)
Green Party
Convention
Nominee: Cynthia McKinney (campaign, positions)
VP Nominee: Rosa Clemente
Candidates: Elaine Brown • Jesse Johnson • Kent Mesplay • Kat Swift
Libertarian Party
Convention
Nominee: Bob Barr (campaign, positions)
VP Nominee: Wayne Allyn Root
Candidates: Mike Gravel (campaign) • Daniel Imperato • Steve Kubby • George Phillies • Wayne Allyn Root • Mary Ruwart • Doug Stanhope
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Ralph Nader (campaign)
VP Nominee: Matt Gonzalez
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Gene Amondson
VP Nominee: Leroy Pletten
Candidates: Earl Dodge
Reform Party
Nominee: Ted Weill
VP Nominee:Frank McEnulty
Socialism and Liberation Party
Nominee: Gloria La Riva
VP Nominee: Eugene Puryear
Socialist Party
Nominee:Brian Moore (campaign)
VP Nominee: Stewart Alexander
Candidates: Eric Chester
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Róger Calero · Alternate nominee: James Harris
VP Nominee: Alyson Kennedy
Independents
John Taylor Bowles • Joe Schriner • Jonathon Sharkey
Other 2008 elections: House • Senate • Gubernatorial
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